It rises in the Cotswolds at Seven Springs near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England and flows south across the Cotswold dip slope, passing through Cirencester and joining the Thames in the parish of Cricklade in Wiltshire. The eastern side of the river Hooghly in Nadia is crisscrossed with a number of distributaries and tributaries of Hooghly and Padma rivers. The exceedingly violent impact of very heavy rainfall on a likely geologically unstable part of the Western Ghats where there is extensive faulting has caused accelerated weathering and erosion, carving out a complex of deep valleys on the western face of the High Range Plateau.

Vembanad Kol Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.There are several places of religious significance along the banks of the Periyar. Intertwined with this, there is a dispute as to whether the Periyar should be classified as an inter-state river or not. This topographically complex segment of the Western Ghats extends from near Neriamangalam in the southwest to Panamkutty in the southeast along the Periyar River and continues north up to the watershed divide between the Periyar and the Chalakudy Basins.

This section of western slope of the Western Ghats is deeply dissected and has geographical as well as ecological characteristics found nowhere in the Western Ghats. The River Churn is the first tributary river of the River Thames. Several species of birds, both forest birds as well as the water birds visit the sanctuary. The Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) agreement was conceived to harness and share the waters in the inter-State rivers in Due to all the diversions in its basin, the Periyar has lost 22 per cent of its average flow.South of the Mullaperiyar reservoir, at the source of Periyar River, there is an unbroken stretch of about 350 square kilometres (140 sq mi) of sheltered, unmodified rainforests within the Periyar Tiger Reserve. Many parts of the area are directly connected to the backwaters with a network of canals. During the lean period the level of water in the Mathabhanga is higher than that of the Padma. These rainforests extend further west into the adjacent Pamba basin within the Gudarakal Forest Range and continue south beyond the Gudarakal Range into the forests of the Achankovil Division. Its eastern border is the main Anamalai ridge. Although these facts have been admitted by Tamil Nadu,The Supreme Court of India, in its verdict on 7 May 2014, stated that although the Periyar rises in and traverses only in the territory of Kerala before entering into Arabian sea, no part of the land in Tamil Nadu abuts river Periyar and that Tamil Nadu is not a riparian state of the Periyar river, the fact that a small part of the Periyar river basin lies in Tamil Nadu is enough to make the river interstate in nature. The river bifurcates near Aluva into two major distributaries; one continues to flow through Desam as Mangalappuzha and finally drains into the Lakshadweep Sea. This entire stretch contains about 600 to 700 square kilometres (230 to 270 sq mi) of undisturbed wet evergreen forests typical of the The Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) is also one of the most ecologically diverse regions in India. The diverted water, after power generation, is let into the Suruliar river (a tributary of the The main Periyar below the Idukki reservoir flows due north parallel to the western edge of the Idukki plateau and is joined by the Perinjakutty from the east and Muthirapuzha from the north.At Aluva, the river bifurcates into the Marthandavarma and the Mangalapuzha branches. The Mangalapuzha branch joins Minor tributaries are: Industries in the Eloor industrial zone discharge waste into the river. Out of the estimated 3,800 species of angiosperms of Kerala, 1,966 have been reported from within the reserve. This is the lowest part of the Cardamom Hills sloping towards the north in which the Idukki reservoir is located.The High Range Plateau is located around Munnar and The High Range Plateau has been almost totally transformed by tea plantations and hydroelectric dams.

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